Because the Turkmen Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Seljuk is believed to have hailed from the Qiniq tribe, one of the numerous tribes that made up Oghuz Turkic people. Yet to contemporaries, Seljuk victories came as a bolt from the blue. The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids (/ s l t k / SEL-chuuk; Persian: Saljuqian, alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans or the Saljuqids, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to the Turco-Persian tradition in the medieval Middle East and Central Asia. Great Seljuks) include Tughril, Alp Arslan, and Malik Shah I | Image (L-R): Alp Arslan and Tughril. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Seljuqs two grandsons, Chaghri (Chagri) Beg and Toghrl (ugril) Beg, enlisted Persian support to win realms of their own, Chaghri controlling the greater part of Khorsn and Toghrl, at his death in 1063, heading an empire that included western Iran and Mesopotamia. His death came while hunting. A branch of the Seljuks assumed rule from Nicaea (Iznik) in northwestern Anatolia (107881) and became known as the Seljuks of Rum ("Rome"), referring to the Roman Byzantine past of the Seljuk territories. These safe, ornate structures were spaced one days travel apart and attracted many merchants. The profitable trade allowed the Seljuks to develop commercial banking and urban centers. An unprecedented number of madrasas (institutions of higher learning) were erected throughout the Seljuk realm. By 1040 the Seljuks had taken western Iran from the Ghazanids. The Seljuk cultural and artistic efflorescence continued well beyond the sultanate's political influence. World Religions edited by Geoffrey Parrinder (Facts on File Publications, New York); Arab News, Jeddah; Islam, a Short History by Karen Armstrong; A History of the Arab Peoples by Albert Hourani (Faber and Faber, 1991); Encyclopedia of the World Cultures edited by David Levinson (G.K. Hall & Company, New York, 1994). The most important of these invaders learned from their new subjects to solidify their rule. See more. Under the uluma system, local communities felt less like subjects of a remote caliphate and more like a part of greater Muslim community. This distance was called menzil in Turkish, a word that means, among other things, "journey" in its archaic sense of "a day's travel". To raise up an army of Western knights, Pope Urban II in Rome resorted to fear mongering and racists tropes against The Turks. Throughout the 1100s, the Seljuk Turks in Konya constantly fought against Western Crusaders and Byzantine Emperors, but they retained control of the interior of Asia Minor. Seljuq Begh was a high official in the Oghuz Yabgu kingdom, located in the region between the Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea, and the empire was named Seljuq after him. Brothers Tughril (990-1063) and Chaghri (989-1060) are credited with the formation of the Seljuk Empire in the 11th century AD. Ken Johnson wrote in the New York Times, Islamic authority also was unable to stanch superstitious beliefs, as objects in a section called Astrology, Magic and the World of Beasts reveal. The Great Seljuk Empire, or the Seljuk Empire was a high medieval, culturally Turko-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, founded and ruled by the Qnq branch of Oghuz Turks. Books: ler, Nazan "The Seljuks and Artuqids of Medieval Anatolia." The territorial acquisitions of large parts of Anatolia by the Seljuks incurred the wrath of many Christians in Western and Eastern Europe. Is a day of delight which has brought dew. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. Here are 8 fascinating facts about the Seljuk Empire: Advertise on TMV. de; Bosworth, C.E. The Seljuk played a major role in medieval history by creating a barrier to Europe against the Mongol invaders from the East, defending the Islamic world against Crusaders from the West, and conquering large parts of the Byzantine Empire. In the 1040s, the Oghuz Turks conquered Persia and Baghdad to form their own kingdom. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. Also during Malik-Shah IS reign, the capital was moved from Ray to Isfahan. Thus, equality of opportunity was ensured in Seljuk's communities. Many Persians and Arabs fled into Seljuk lands to avoid the dreaded Mongol army. Updated October 27, 2021, Seljuk Empire Rise and Fall | Map: The Seljuk Empire at its peak around the year 1092. The Seljuks eventually adopted the Persian culture. The Seljuk Empire . Turkey in Asia, 1920 wdl.org ; Seljuk, also spelled Seljuq, ruling military family of the Ouz (Ghuzz) Turkic tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11th century and eventually founded an empire that included Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and most of Iran. [16] In the 11th century the Seljuks migrated from their ancestral homelands into mainland Persia, in the province of Khurasan, where they encountered the Ghaznavids. With the death of Malik Shah, began the decline of this great empire. With all those divisions in the Seljuk Empire, the First Crusaders (1095-1099) hardly met any resistance when the crusaders run amok, seizing the territories of Syria and Palestine from Muslim control in 1098. The last of the Iranian Seljuqs died on the battlefield in 1194, and by 1200 Seljuq power was at an end everywhere except in Anatolia. Mutapa (aka Matapa, Mwenemutapa, and Monomotapa) was a southern African kingdom located in the north of modern Zimbabwe along the Zambezi River which flourished between the mid-15th and mid-17th century CE. In 1382, the caste of the Mamluks arranged a coup and proclaimed their representative, a native of Circassia, as Sultan. The ulumas established the madrassahs (Islamic theological schools). Next to the medrese, Seljuk rulers built public bathhouses (hamam) and soup kitchens (imarethane). Throughout Islamic history, slaves served in various social and economic roles, from powerful emirs to . The Seljuk Empire had created a massive surge in Turkish culture inside modern day Turkey, hence why modern day Turkey is Turkish. At the Battle of Manzikert (north of Lake Van) in 1071, the Turkish leader Arp-Arslan defeated the Byzantine king. Gender roles perpetuate inequality and greatly affect minorities that may not be in a position to reject these stereotypes. Historians praise the sultan for investing quite heavily into education and science. The Great Seljuk Empire or the Seljuk Empire, was a high . Key . Pingback: Rabia Bala Hatun | Name, Marriage, and Death TS HISTORICAL, Your email address will not be published. Once it is formed, the player cannot form the Khwarazmian Dynasty. Under the Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan, the Seljuk empire stretched from Afghanistan to Egypt and Merv became a city full of palaces, libraries, observatories, and canals that nourished parks and lush gardens. Apart from an earlier brief period of Arab rule in the east, Anatolia was new to Islam, and the Seljuks were thus among the first to cultivate Islamic art and architecture in these lands. Between the surmounting muqarnas and framing arches is a band of swastikas. They also utilized local Greek Christian artisans to build monumental structures. to the Seljuk Empire's income. The early Romanovs were weak monarchs. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Crowned at age 17, Michael shared the throne during the crucial years of his reign with his father, the patriarch Philaret. Some of these are Akhan, Ertokus Han, Saadettin Han, Obruk Han, Agzikarahan, Sultan Han (2), Oresin Han, Sikre Han, Mamahatun Caravenseria and Hacibekir Han. His large burial temple (. No central government. They were fierce nomadic warriors who fought with composite bows on horseback. 5, (2001), pp. This in turn made Islam stronger and unified the Muslim world on deeper more individual level. Their name has come to stand for the group of Oghuz families led into Ghaznavid Khorsn after they had been converted to Sunni Islam, probably by Sufi missionaries after the beginning of the 11th century. Its manpower is 2,398,571 when formed, however thanks to population increases, it will likely become bigger than that. The Byzantine Empire played a key role acting as a bulwark for Christianity in Europe, repelling or cooperating with potential invaders to Christian Europe. The Seljuqs united the fractured political scene of the eastern Islamic world and played a key role in the first and second crusades. In some cases some independent atabegs in places that were formerly under firm control of the Seljuk Empire allied with the crusaders to fight against rival atabegs. Hemmed in between the Byzantine Greeks on the west and by the Crusader states in Syria on the east, the Seljuq Turks organized their Anatolian domain as the sultanate of Rm. The Imperial Examination System required all government officials to pass an examination to ensure that important positions within the government went to the best and the brightest. The Seljuk period has been important in the urban history of Anatolia because of embodying the first Turkish-Islamic colonization and urbani-zation process in Anatolia. By the mid-11th century, they had gone on to become the dominant power in the region, supplanting the Ghaznavids. During the reigns of Alp-Arslan and Malik-Shah, the Seljuq Empire grew to cover all of Syria, Palestine, Iran and many other Mesopotamian areas. The Battle of Kapetrou, which took place in September 1048, saw the Seljuks face off a Byzantine-Georgian army of more than 45,000. Part 1 follows the gradual transformation of the Seljuqs into a powerful dynasty and their concepts of political legitimisation. The Seljuq/Seljuk empire was founded by Tughril Beg (1016-1063) in 1037. Alp inherited the throne upon the death of his father Sultan Tughril. Poets and scholars found patronage and flourished under them. Give up worldly desires and turn to nature. Not for nothing has he been called the father of robotics. /*/, According to UNESCO: Caravanserais were a new architectural type with social function developed in central Asia by the Karakhanids and Ghaznavids passed into Anatolian Turkish architecture. As the ancestors of the western Turks, they blended the cultures and created the hybrid ethos that you can still observe in modern Turkey. The Mamluk Sultanate was a medieval feudal state in the Middle East, which existed from 1250 to 1517. For full treatment, see Anatolia: The Seljuqs of Anatolia. [Source: Library of Congress, January 1995 *], While they engaged in state building, the Seljuks also emerged as the champions of Sunni Islam against the religion's Shiite sect. The Seljuks were originally Turkic nomads who inhabited the steppes of Central Asia and Southeast Russia. Their advance marked the beginning of Turkic power in the Middle East. Although the Byzantine Empire fell about four centuries later (in 1453), the defeat it suffered at the Battle of Manzikert marked the beginning of the end of Byzantium. Rabia Bala Hatun | Name, Marriage, and Death TS HISTORICAL. In Anatolia, Kilij Arslan I succeeded the Sultan. Who were the Seljuks? Turkey Azerbaijan Armenia Iran Syria Lebanon Israel United Arab Emirates Oman Afghanistan Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Iraq. In Arabic the word " qawam " is used, the role of qawam comes with a lot of responsibility. Seljuk Turks descend from the tribe of Oghuz Turkish on the Central Asian steppes. Seljuk mosques incorporated the floor plan of basilica churches with Islamic architectural design. According to UNESCO: Konya a cradle of many civilizations, became a center of culture and politics during the period of Seljuks. Part 2 examines social history, particularly with regard to the 'ulama' and the urban populations. "Seljuk Turks" redirects here. To retake Anatolia cities from the Seljuks, Byzantine kings in Constantinople invited Western Europeans to fight against Muslims, an event known as The Crusades. After they accepted Islam in the mid-900s, kingdoms along the Silk Road invited these mercenary fighters to help control profitable trade routes. Poets and scholars found patronage and flourished under them. While Alp-Arslan and Malik-Shah expanded the empire to the frontier of Egypt, the Seljuq vizier Nim al-Mulk oversaw the empires organization during both their reigns. In Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years, 6001600, edited by David J. Roxburgh, pp. The father of the Seljuk Empire was Seljuk himself as he served under the Khazar army as Oghuz Turkic warloard. Name and Origin Seljuq Begh was a high official in the Oghuz Yabgu kingdom, located in the region between the Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea, and the empire was named 'Seljuq' after him. Also significant, though little known today due to few surviving examples, were the arts of the book.\^/, The Seljuks were also great patrons of architecture. A characteristic of the Ottoman Empire is that . The Seljuq Empire controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to eastern Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. Such material is made available in an effort to advance understanding of country or topic discussed in the article. In mosque architecture, the courtyard with four vaulted halls (iwans) on each side became prevalent. Anime, like any other medium, reflects the expectations society has for its members. 70101. Turks who moved into Anatolia and the Middle East came under the strong influence of Islamic culture. Tags: ChaghriSeljukSeljuk DynastySeljuk EmpireTughril, Your email address will not be published. *, Each year the gazis cut deeper into Byzantine territory, raiding and taking booty according to their tradition. Although the Seljuk Empire met its demise around 1300, its cultural and religious transformations continue to define Anatolian region. Wikipedia article on the Turkish People Wikipedia ; Among the personnel there would certainly be a wainman, a blacksmith, a money-changer, a tailor, a cobbler, a physician, a veterinary, and so on. After bloody power struggle in the region, the Seljuks became a dominant force. The Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Nasa Plains in 1035. Suzan Yalman of the Metropolitan Museum of Art wrote: Especially during the reign of Ala al-Din Kay-Qubadh (r. 122037), the Seljuk realm witnessed tremendous commercial, artistic, and cultural activity, the heart of which was the new Seljuk capital, Konya. These were generally simple dormitories that offered travelers food and a place to sleep. Suggested Online Resources: Middle East Technical University: Monuments of Kayseri 3 The Seljuk Empire in Persia was at its peak during the reign of Alp Arsalan and his son Malik Shah. With the help of two viziers from the era of Sultan Alp Nizam al-Mulk and Taj al-Mulk Malik Shah I was able to intensify the Empires expansion into many places, including Iran, Byzantine Empire, and other Arab territories. In 1092, the Empire split when the Sultan's brother and son were quarrelling over appointing themselves as the next Sultan. Though it is built upon principles of Judaism and Christianity, Islam has blended the role of religion and government together so well that it spread from India to Spain within a few hundred years. Also important during this period were funerary monuments, the most prominent being the immense Mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar in Merv (r. ca. Your email address will not be published. =, Architecture and function Architecture is always determined by climatic and environmental conditions but never more so than in the case of caravanserais, to which the problem of security had to be added. . Seljuk sarcophagus at the Eskiehir Eti Archaeology Museum. Worldhistoryedu is not responsible for the content of external sites. The most important religious figure of the Seljuk period was Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi (120773), a Sufi mystic-poet from Persia who lived in the Seljuk capital of Konya. Ottoman Empire and Turk Resources University of Michigan umich.edu/~turkis ; The Seljuks originated from the Kinik branch of the Oghuz Turks,[9][10][11][12][13] who in the 8th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world, north of the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea in their Oghuz Yabgu State,[14] in the Kazakh Steppe of Turkestan. The Seljuq people became the masters of Khorasan and then they also occupied the Amu-Par region and Iran. At a very early period there existed a social institution called muyanl~k, a word that means "charity", "pious deed", and "kindsess." Who Were the Seljuks? When Wendi died. The massive walls and supporting turret-towers give the building the appearance of a fortress. =. Internecine struggles for power followed. In his indispensable catalog essay, the historian A. C. S. Peacock observes, The Seljuqs appear to have been the first rulers actively to court the support of the Sufis in exchange for both popular legitimacy and spiritual rewards in the form of the blessings (baraka) of a holy man. The Sufi poet Rumi (120773) lived and prospered under the Anatolian Seljuqs in Konya, and the great Sufi philosopher Ibn Arabi (11651240) spent time at the Seljuq court there. [Source: Ken Johnson, New York Times, January 9, 2016], Websites and Resources: Ottoman Empire and Turks: The Ottomans.org theottomans.org ; Ottoman Text Archive Project University of Washington courses.washington.edu ; Wikipedia article on the Ottoman Empire Wikipedia ; Among the Seljuks that made their way to Iran in the early part of the 11th century included brothers Tughril and Chagri, the grandsons of the warlord Seljuk. He separated his tribe and first camped on the banks of Sir Darya, where this tribe also adopted Islam. ; Darley-Doran, R.E., "Saldjukids,", John Perry, THE HISTORICAL ROLE OF TURKISH IN RELATION TO PERSIAN OF IRAN in Iran & the Caucasus, Vol. Despite the changes, Japanese TV still portrays traditional gender roles: men hold male jobs (police officer, soldier etc); women hold traditionally female jobs (housewife, nurse, etc). The Seljuk Empire lost places like Nicaea (iznki), Iconium (Konya), Antioch (Antakya) to the Princes Crusade. Seljuk military hordes roamed freely through Anatolia with their animals and set up small states. Allah (swt) has told men that they are the maintainers (provide for women from their wealth) and protectors of women. They brought Abu Hamid Ghazali, one of the greatest Islamic theologians, and other eminent scholars to the Seljuk capital at Baghdad and encouraged and supported their work. Churches and synagogues flourished finest examples of Seljuk architecture - built on the orders of empresses and princesses huge mosques theological seminaries hospitals caravanserais extended from Persian culture ex. The culmination of this line of development is the massive caravanserais that the Seljuks built in Anatolia. The Seljuk period in Turkish history also saw great progress in literature, architecture and religion. The Seljuks (Seluklular) were a Turkish tribe from Central Asia. The first ruler of the Seljuk Empire was Tughril (c. 993-1063), who was born Abu Talib Muhammad Tughril ibn Mikail. Between 1053 and 1154, the territory also included Umman. They built palaces, mosques, madrasas and hospitals in Islamic architectural styles. Origin of the Seljuks and Their Foundation (9th Century - 1035): The Imperial family of the Seljuk Empire, the House of Seljuk, was a member of the Kinik Oghuz Tribe. 10245.. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2005. The people was reorganized by the Ottoman Empire which had brand new tactics and steady army like the Yanizaries, strong artillery, so it could step in Europe. The Seljuk army stayed close to its nomadic roots. Beginning in the second half of the twelfth century, the art of inlaying bronze or brass objects with precious metals such as copper, silver, and gold became prominent in the eastern Iranian province of Khorasan. 10961157), in modern Turkmenistan. Before the Seljuks empire, in period of Samanogullar and Ghaznavids statesmen and rich people were building madrasa. The sultanate was formed as a result of the seizure of power in Cairo by the Mamluks, who overthrew the Ayyubid dynasty. Under Malik Shah, the Seljuk Empire reached its 'Golden Age'. Byzantine emperors gladly welcomed the Turkish warriors to help them fight a civil war, but the Seljuk Turks quickly seized cities for themselves. Atossa was a shrewd and fierce woman, and she is perhaps the first known woman who elected to have a mastectomy after discovering a lump in her breast. Suzan Yalman of the Metropolitan Museum of Art wrote: Under the Seljuk sultanate, Iran enjoyed a period of material and cultural prosperity, and the ingenuity in architecture and the arts during this period had a notable impact on later artistic developments. Costa Mesa, Calif.: Mazda Publishers, 1994. The double portal, free-standing masjid and domed hall, as well as the quality of its architecture, are all worthy of a true royal khan. The Abbasids moved the empire's capital from Damascus, in modern-day Syria, to Baghdad, in modern-day Iraq, in 762 CE. The "Great Seljuks" were heads of the family; in theory their authority extended over all the other Seljuk lines, although in practice this often was not the case. They played a part in the frontier defense forces of the Samanids and later of Mamd of Ghazna. Among the many mosques built by the sultans was the Great Mosque of Efahn (the Masjed-e Jme). Under the approval of the Abbasid caliph, Tughril captured the city of Baghdad, removing the Buyid dynasty from power. Turkish Drama TV Drama 'The Great Seljuk Empire' Changed Its Name to "Alparslan" August 6, 2021 The brand-new Turkish historical TV drama "Renaissance: The Great Seljuk" continues its journey as "Alparslan". Raids on the Byzantine frontier eventually led to the Battle of Manzikert (modern Malazgirt in eastern Turkey) in 1071 and the resulting Seljuk victory opened Anatolia to Turkic settlement. ATON, the Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative at Texas Tech University aton.ttu.edu ; The Horse, the Wheel and Language, How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes shaped the Modern World", David W Anthony, 2007 archive.org/details/horsewheelandlanguage ; Wikipedia article on Eurasian nomads Wikipedia, In 1055 the caliph in Baghdad gave Tughril Beg robes, gifts, and the title King of the East. Their advance marked the beginning of Turkish power in the Middle East. Seljuq Turks The Seljuqs were a family among the Oghuz Turks, a label applied to the migratory pastoralists of the Syr Darya-Oxus basin. They helped standardize Islamic learning and in doing so they raised the status of the clergy and created a bureaucracy that gave them power. In 1071, they defeated the Byzantines at Manzikert near Lake Van, and took the Byzantine emperor Romanus IV Diogense prisoner. An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. [17] At the Battle of Dandanaqan they defeated a Ghaznavid army, and after a successful siege of Isfahan by Tughril in 1050/51,[18] established the Great Seljuk Empire. Several Turkic emirs gained a strong level of influence in the region, such as the Eldiduzids. Encyclopedia of the Worlds Religions edited by R.C. Under the sultans Alp-Arslan and Malik-Shah, the Seljuq empire was extended to include all of Iran and Mesopotamia and Syria, including Palestine. The Art of the Saljuqs in Iran and Anatolia: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Edinburgh in 1982. Caravanserais were huge accommodations, facilities that provided shelter, food and drink for a caravan's full complement of people, animals, and cargo and could also handle its needs for maintenance, treatment, and care. This Islamic world is often referred to as Dar al-Islam, or House of Islam. Rumi wrote famous poetry about his mystical experiences and started an ascetic religious order known as the whirling dervishes. This mystical religious order integrated traditional Turkish folk dances and music into worship. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Whether you are a leader of a nation, a company or the head of a household. It is another of those caravanserais whose massive portal and rowers give it the appearance of a fortified castle. Seljuk leaders maintained order on the local level through "amirs", nomadic military regimes that were mostly independent and took in revenues mostly for themselves, and "ulumas", Muslim clerics who used their influence to gain political power in a way not unlike modern Ayatollahs. . His reign was slightly perturbed by the rise in assassinations which were perpetrated by assassins (Order of Assassins, often referred to as the Hashshashin) under the command of Hassan-I Sabah. Tughril, who co-ruled with his brother Chagri, was a powerful military leader who brought many Turkmen warriors of Central Asia under his control. The Seljuk empire was a medieval Turko-Persian Empire founded by Tughril Beg (9901063) and his brother Chaghri Beg (9891060) in 1037. Under the Seljuk Turks in 11th and 12th centuries Merv was the greatest city in the Islamic world and was known as Merv, Queen of the World. It also believed to have been the inspiration for a number of tales in Thousand and One Nights. Turkic Seljuk rulers adopted and supported local Perso-Islamic traditions, and Seljuk art is recognized for weaving together Persian, Islamic, and Central AsianTurkic elements. The empire was centered in Konya. The building was completed in 1237. From their homelands near the Aral Sea, the Seljuks advanced first into Khorasan and then into mainland Persia, before eventually capturing Baghdad and conquering eastern Anatolia. It spanned a total area of 3.9 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles) from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south. Such objects were often decorated with Arabic inscriptions written in the "animated" script, developed during this period, in which the letters were transformed into human and animal figures. The caliph needed to create new administrative positions to manage the expanding empire. It has a fanciful duck engraved into its inner bottom and a verse engraved around its outer rim that, translated into English, reads: Nevertheless there were certain things that every caravanserai had to have. These resources also provide over 3 million (or 1 million?) After the death of Sultan Ahmad Sanjar (ruler of Khorasan 1097-1118; Seljuk Emperor 1118-1157), bigger divisions and fractures appeared in the Seljuk Empire. Of the former Seljuk Empire only the Sultanate of Rum in the Anatolian Peninsula remained. With the passage of about a decade since supplanting the Ghaznavids, the Seljuks turned their attention to the Byzantine frontier region of Iberia. Sultan Han On the Kayseri-Sivas road is another caravanserai with the name Sultan Han. Wine is a sun in a garment of red Chinese silk \^/. Pancaroglu, Oya. From Central Asia, the Seljuks headed into mainland Persia, particularly the province of Khurasan in eastern Iran, where they came into confrontation with the Ghaznavid Empire. Along with Perso-Islamic traditions, however, Anatolia had a strong Byzantine and Armenian Christian heritage, which now intermingled with Central Asian Turkic nomadic, northern Mesopotamian, and Crusader cultures. | Image: Statue of Alp Arslan. Although the Seljuks fought off the third and fourth crusades, this had far more to do with the weakness of the crusaders than the strength of the Seljuks. The Seljuk Empire or Seljuq Empire (Turkish: Byk Seluklu Devleti; Persian: , Daulat-i-Saljuqian; English: Seljuq Empire) was a medieval Turkish empire that lasted from 1037 to 1194 AD. The history of the Seljuk Empire in Anatolia begins with the historic defeat of Byzantium by Sultan Alif Arsalan in Malazgar in 1071 AD. The Seljuks were tolerant of race, religion and gender and ruled over a population comprising of Greek speaking Christians and a few Jews. This is thought to slow role changes across most demographics (Shinichi, 2007). During the 10th-century migrations of the Turkic peoples from Central Asia and southeastern Russia, one group of nomadic tribes, led by a chief named Seljuq, settled in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya (ancient Jaxartes River) and later converted to the Sunni form of Islam.
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